🎓 Biology • Evolution
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Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Calculator
Calculates dominant and recessive allele frequencies (p, q) and genotype frequencies (p², 2pq, q²) under Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
⭐ Landmark Population Genetics Scenarios:
Hardy-Weinberg Population Genetics Equilibrium
Solves allele frequencies ($p + q = 1$), genotype frequencies ($p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1$), and Chi-Square goodness-of-fit
e.g. 9% homozygous recessive (aa)
For individual count projections
Dominant Allele Frequency (p)0.770.0% of gene pool
Recessive Allele Frequency (q)0.330.0% of gene pool
Homozygous Dom (p²)49%≈ 490 ind.
Heterozygous Carrier (2pq)42%≈ 420 ind.
Homozygous Rec (q²)9%≈ 90 ind.
Hardy-Weinberg Genotype Frequency Distribution ParabolaCurrent p = 0.7
p² (AA) = 49% 2pq (Aa) = 42% q² (aa) = 9%
What is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?
The Hardy-Weinberg principle states that allele and genotype frequencies in a population will remain constant from generation to generation in the absence of evolutionary influences.
Formula & Step-by-Step Calculation
p + q = 1, p² + 2pq + q² = 1
p² = homozygous dominant, 2pq = heterozygous carriers, q² = homozygous recessive.
Worked Step-by-Step Examples
Example 1
In a population, 9% of individuals have a recessive trait (q² = 0.09). What is carrier frequency (2pq)?
Solution: q = 0.3, p = 0.7, Carrier frequency 2pq = 42.00%
• q = √0.09 = 0.3; p = 1 - 0.3 = 0.7; 2pq = 2 × 0.7 × 0.3 = 0.42 (42%)
Common Real-World & Academic Use Cases
- ✓ Estimating carrier frequencies for genetic diseases (e.g. cystic fibrosis)
- ✓ Conservation biology genetic diversity monitoring
- ✓ Evolutionary biology natural selection detection
How to Use the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Calculator
1
Input Recessive % (q²)
Enter percentage of homozygous recessive phenotype.
2
Inspect Frequencies
Review p, q, homozygous dominant, and carrier percentages.
Frequently Asked Questions
Q: What assumptions must hold for Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium?
Random mating, no mutations, large population size, no gene flow (migration), and no natural selection.